State-of-the-art GIS data for 3D models
This report, part of Making PEDs’ work on 3D digital models enrichment and database harmonization, provides a comprehensive review of EU-wide Geographic Information System (GIS) data, tools, and databases, highlighting methods for processing and merging spatial data to create 3D models. The state-of-the-art review addresses freely available and commercial GIS data, assessing their relevance for building digital twins, and focuses on the CityGML format’s capabilities, particularly its Levels of Detail (LoD). By combining GIS and CityGML, the project enhances the ability to create semantically rich 3D models that represent not just the geometry of urban areas but also their thematic properties, supporting decision-making processes for climate-neutral urban regeneration.